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Synthetic fuel

Classification and principles

"Synthetic Fuel" The term has different meanings and may include different types of fuel. The traditional definitions, such as the definition proposed by the International Energy Agency, to define "fuel synthetic "as any liquid fuel from coal or natural gas. The Energy Information Administration defines synthetic fuels its Annual Energy Outlook 2006 that fuel produced from coal, natural gas, biomass or raw materials through chemical conversion Syncrude and / or products synthetic fluids. A series of synthetic fuel definitions also include fuels produced from biomass and industrial and municipal wastes. The definition of synthetic fuel may also consist of sand and shale sands as sources of synthetic fuels and more fuel gas liquid fuels are also covered. In his "Manual of synthetic fuels" a petrochemical producer James G. Speight, including liquid and gaseous fuels and the cleanest of solid fuel produced by the conversion of coal oil shale, tar sands, and various forms of biomass, although he admits that in the context of alternatives to petroleum fuels, is even broader. According context, methanol, ethanol and hydrogen can be included.

Synthetic fuels are produced by the chemical conversion process. conversion methods could be the direct conversion, this means that the material is converted directly into liquid fuels or indirect conversion, which means that the substance becomes a gas supply synthesis in the first place, which then passes through the conversion process to become the liquid fuel. conversion methods are based carbonization and pyrolysis, hydrogenation and thermal solution.

History

German factory ruins of synthetic oil (Hydrierwerke Plitz Aktiengesellschaft) in Police, Poland

See also: Oil World War II campaign and Programme of synthetic liquid fuels

direct conversion of coal into synthetic fuel was originally developed in Germany. The process was developed by Friedrich Bergius Bergius, giving a Bergius process patent in 1913. Karl Goldschmidt was invited to build a plant in its plant in Th Goldschmidt AG (now known as Evonik Industries) in 1914. Production started only in 1919. [Citation needed]

Furthermore, the indirect coal conversion (when coal is gasified and converted into synthetic fuels) was developed in Germany by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1923. During World War II, Germany used synthetic oil production (in German: Kohleveredelung) to produce oil substitutes (Ersatz) using the Bergius process (coal), the Fischer-Tropsch (gas water), and other methods (Zeitz used the process and tension headache MTH). Treatment plants were the main source of Nazi Germany Bergius flying high quality gasoline and the origin of most of its synthetic oil 99% of synthetic rubber and most synthetic methanol, synthetic ammonia and nitric acid. About 3.1 Bergius production was produced by plants Plitz (in Polish police) and Leuna, with more than 1 / 3 more than five other plants (Ludwigshafen plant was much smaller than Bergius improve the "quality dehydrogenation gasoline "using the process of DHD).

synthetic fuel qualities include "TL [jet] fuel" aviation fuel quality first "," Essence of basic aviation "and" Gasoline – oil medium "and" gas poor " diesel, are synthesized for both fuels (for example, tanks used to convert producer gas): 4, s2. In early 1944, Germany, production Synthetic fuel reached more than 124,000 barrels per day (19,700 m3 / d) of 25 plants, [verification needed], including 10 in the Ruhr region: 239. In 1937, Germany, four lignite coal plants in Bhlen, Leuna Magdeburg / Rothensee and Zeitz, as well as bituminous coal plant Scholven Ruhr / Buer, has produced 4.8 million barrels (76 010 ^ 3 m3) of fuel. Four new hydrogenation plants (in German: Hydrierwerke) was built then in Bottrop-Welheim (Using "tar pitch bituminous coal), Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) Plitz, and Wesseling 200,000 tons / year. Nordstern and Plitz / Stettin used bituminous coal, as well as new facilities Blechhammer. Synthesized Heydebreck food oil, which was tested on prisoners in concentration camps. Personal Force was using forced Geilenberg 350,000 workers for most foreign factories to rebuild bombed Synthetic Oil: 210,224 and, in a program decentralization of urgency, build 7 floors underground hydrogenation to protect the attacks (not completed). (The planners had rejected a proposal above, because the war must be won before the bunkers would be completed.) In July 1944, the "cuckoo" Oil basement synthesis (800 000 m2) was carved in Himmelsburg "North of the Mittelwerk, but the plant was pending at the end of World War II.

Fischer-Tropsch indirect (FT) technologies were brought to the United States after World War 2, and 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3 / d) plant has been designed HDI by and built in Brownsville, Texas. The plant represents the first commercial high temperature Fischer Tropsch conversion. It ran from 1950 to 1955, when it was closed when the price of oil has fallen due to improved production and great discoveries in the Middle East.

direct conversion of coal plants have also been developed in the United States after World War II, including a plant of 3 tons per day in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and a plant of 250 to 600 tons per day Catlettsburg, KY. [Citation needed]

South Africa through the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce more diesel in this country. Another way Synthetic oil is produced in the Syncrude plant sands of Alberta Canada. This service eliminates large viscous oil sands bitumen mined in the vicinity, and uses a variety of hydrogenation processes make synthetic crude oil of high quality. The plant supplies about 14% of the Syncrude oil production Canada. A similar facility is the smallest plant owned by Suncor. [Citation needed]

Process

There are many methods that can be used to produce synthetic fuels.

These mainly fall into three categories. Indirect, direct, and processes for biofuels [Dubious discuss]

This is a list of most of the different technologies used to produce synthetic fuel. Please Note that while This list was compiled by the coal to liquid technology, many processes, including biomass can be used with natural gas or crude.

conversion indirect

indirect conversion has the largest deployment worldwide, with total world production around 260,000 barrels per day (41,000 m3/day) and many other projects under development.

indirect conversion refers broadly to a process in which biomass is converted to natural gas or a charcoal mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas called synthesis, either by gasification or steam reforming of methane and synthesis gas is converted into a fuel Transport of liquids using one of several conversion techniques vary depending on the desired end product.

The main technologies synthetic fuel produced from synthesis gas is the Fischer-Tropsch and Mobil (also known as methanol to gasoline, or MTG). There are few technologies development to produce ethanol from synthesis gas, if not yet proven on a commercial scale.

The synthesis gas reacts with Fischer-Tropsch a catalyst usually cobalt or iron base, and converts the gas into liquid products (mainly diesel fuel and jet fuel) and, potentially, waxes (According to the method employed FT).

The production process of synthetic fuels by means of the indirect conversion is often referred to as coal to-liquids (CTL), gas to liquids (GTL) or Biomass to Liquids (BTL), depending on the initial charge. At least three projects (the Ohio River Clean Fuels, Clean Fuels Ohio, and Rentech Natchez) is the combination of raw coal and biomass fuels the creation of synthetic materials known hybrid as coal and biomass to liquid (CBTL).

Indirect conversion process technology can also be used to produce hydrogen, potentially for use in fuel cell vehicles, either as after co-product, or main output.

Direct conversion

direct conversion concerns the processes in which raw materials coal or biomass are converted directly into intermediate or final products, bypassing the intermediate step of conversion to gas gasification synthesis.

direct conversion process may be more or less in two different methods: pyrolysis or carbonization and hydrogenation. [Citation needed]

Hydrogenation processes

See also: The Bergius process

One of the main methods of direct conversion coal to liquids by the hydrogenation process is the Bergius process. In this process, coal is liquefied by mixing with hydrogen and heating system (Hydrogenation). In dry coal heavy oil is mixed with recycled in the process. Catalyst is usually added to the mix. The reaction occurs between 400 C (752 F) 5000 C (9030 F) and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows:

After the First World War many factories were built in Germany, these plants were widely used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants.

Kohleoel process developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with a capacity of 200 tonnes of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. The plant operated from 1981 to 1987. In this process, coal is mixed with a solvent recycling and iron catalyst. After preheating and pressurisation H2 is added. The process is carried out in a tubular reactor at a pressure of 300 bar and temperatures of 470 C (880 F). This process has also been examined by Sasol in South Africa.

In 1970 the decade of 1980, Japanese companies Nippon Kokan, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has developed NEDOL the process. In this process, coal is mixed with recycled solvent and a synthesis catalyst based on iron, after warm H2 is added. The reaction takes place in a reactor tube at temperatures between 430 C (810 F) and 465 C (870 F) pressure of 150-200 bar. The oil produced is of low quality and requires extensive upgrading. H-coal process, developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., in 1963, a mixture of pulverized coal with recycled liquid hydrogen and the catalyst in the bubbling bed reactor. The advantages of this method are that the oil level dissolution and release will take place in a reactor, the products have a high H / C diet, and an operating time fast, while the main disadvantages are high fuel efficiency, high consumption of hydrogen, and limiting use only as fuel oil boiler, because impurities.

The CBC-SRC-I and II (Solvent Refined Coal) processes developed by Gulf Oil and implemented in the U.S. pilot plant in 1960 and 1970. The nuclear Utility Services Corporation has developed the hydrogenation process was patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976. The process involved dried, pulverized coal mixed with roughly 1wt% molybdenum catalysts. The hydrogenation was carried out by the use of synthesis gas at high temperature and pressure generated in a gas generator separately. The process finally given a synthetic crude product, Naphtha, a limited amount of C3/C4 gas, liquid, light and medium enterprises (C5-C10) suitable for use as fuel NH3 small amounts and large amounts of CO2. The other process of hydrogenation of a stage are Exxon donor solvent, the process of high pressure and chloride Conoco Imhausen process of zinc.

There are also a number of two-stage process of direct liquefaction, but after 1980, only the liquefaction process Catalytic two-stage, modified by the process of H-coal liquid solvent extraction process for British Coal and the process of coal liquefaction Brown in Japan have developed.

pyrolysis and charring

See also: The Karrick process

There are a number process different carbonization. Character conversion is caused by the destructive distillation or pyrolysis produces condensable tar and coal, oil and water vapor, not Countess syngas and waste disposal. Coal tar oil and condensate is processed by hydrogenation to remove the species sulfur and nitrogen, after which it becomes fuel.

The typical example is the carbonization process Karrick. The process was invented by Lewis Cass Karrick in the 1920's. The Karrick process is a process of low temperature carbonization, where coal is heated to 680 F (360 C) to 1380 F (750 C) in the absence of air. These temperatures optimize the production of coal tar oil-rich lighter than normal coal tar. However, the liquid products are mainly a byproduct and the main product is the semi-coke, a solid fuel and smoke-free.

The CRC process, developed by the FMC Corporation, used a fluidized bed for treatment, in combination with increasing temperature, through four stages of pyrolysis. Heat is transferred from the hot gases by combustion of part of the product tank. A modification of this process, the process of COGAS, involves the addition of coal gasification. TOSCOAL process a process analogous to the Tosco II replica shale and Lurgi-Ruhrgas process, which is also used for extracting oil shale hot using recycled solid heat transfer.

Karrick pyrolysis liquid yields and are generally low for practical use in production synthetic liquid fuel. In addition, the resulting liquid is of poor quality and require more processing before they can be used as fuel. In summary, there is little that the production process economically viable volumes of liquid fuels.

Biofuels Process

An example of fuel synthetic biofuels from renewable hydrogen-based process Jet (HRJ) of fuel. There are a number of variants of these processes under development, and processes testing and certification for aviation fuels HRJ begins.

There are two processes is being developed by UOP. Support from solid biomass, and support bio-oil and grease. The process through strong sources of second generation biomass like switchgrass and biomass pyrolysis to produce woody a bio-oil, which is then catalytically stabilized and oxygen to produce a fuel line. The process of using natural oils and fats passes a process deoxygenation, followed by hydrocracking and isomerization to produce renewable synthetic fuel paraffinic kerosene.

The tar sands and shale process

View synthetic crude oil and oil shale extraction, as

Synthetic crude oil can also be created by upgrading bitumen (tar-like substance found in tar sands) or synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale. There are many methods of extracting oil from shale oil (SCO) of sandy shale by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal solution.

Marketing

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if possible. (July 2009)

The leading company in the marketing of synthetic fuels company Sasol is a South African based.

In the business world the ability to synthesize fuel plant is over 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m3/day), including indirect conversion plants Fischer Tropsch South Africa (Mossgas, Secunda CTL), Qatar () Oryx GTL, and Malaysia (Shell Bintulu) and a Mobil process (methanol to gasoline) of plants in New Zealand.

Many large projects are China and Qatar under construction. Some analysts believe that China's production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes overtake South Africa in 2015 and the new capacity and Existing GTL in Qatar is also expected to exceed the level in July 2009, the South African production sometime in 2011.

Producers who have already

The company leader in the marketing of synthetic fuels company Sasol is a South African based. Sasol operates the world's only commercial Fischer-Tropsch coal plant liquids in Secunda, with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day (24,000 m3/day).

Fischer-Tropsch Sasol Oryx gas-liquid Ras Laffan Industrial plants City, Qatar is currently running at 29,000 barrels per day (4,600 m3 / d) near its anticipated 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m3 / d) capacity.

Royal Dutch Shell operates a 14,700 barrels per day (2,340 m3 / d) plant Fischer-Tropsch gas-liquid in Bintulu, Malaysia.

Mossgas gas liquids plant in South Africa, produces 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m3 / d) of the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuels.

Other companies that have developed processes of coal or gas-liquid (in the pilot plant or commercial stage) include including ExxonMobil, StatoilHydro, Rentech, Syntroleum y.

Projects under construction

The Pearl GTL project, a joint venture between Shell and Qatar Petroleum, is currently under construction in Ras Laffan, Qatar, and will produce 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m3/day) Fischer Tropsch liquid oil from 2010 (first train) and 2011 (second group).

Escravos GTL project in Nigeria is expected to produce 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m3 / d) of Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel by 2011.

Shenhua completed a test in January 2009 and expects to begin operations in July , 2009 of 1.08 million tons per year (approximately 22,200 barrels per day (3,530 m3 / d)) direct liquefaction of coal (CTL Erdos) in Ejin Horo Banner in north China's inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Shenhua aims to extend the installation time of 5 million tons per year (about 102,000 barrels per day (16,200 m3 / d)) .. The Shenhua Group is also expected to complete a 6 million ton per year (3 million first phase TPY) of coal power projects using its own proprietary Fischer-Tropsch indirect adjacent to the plant in Inner Mongolia in the third quarter of 2009.

Yankuang hopes to innovate in a short time 22,000 barrels per day (3,500 m3 / d) (1 million tons per year) indirect synthetic fuels project. The final products including 780 800 tonnes of diesel, 258,400 naphtha, LPG 56480.

Proposed projects

United States

In the U.S., a number different projects, synthetic fuels are moving forward with the first expected to enter commercial service in 2013.

Clean Coal Fuels, in Illinois Clean Fuels project, is developing a 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m3 / d) of Fischer Tropsch biomass and coal to liquid project with capture carbon sequestration in Oakland Illinois. The project is expected to enter service in 2013.

Baard Energy, in its Ohio River Clean Fuels project, is developing of 53.000 barrels per day (8,400 m3 / d) of Fischer-Tropsch coal and biomass to liquids projects with carbon capture and sequestration. Pending a final plan funding, Baard expects to begin site preparation work before the end of 2009, with plant construction from 2010. initial operation of project is scheduled for 2013 with full production targeted in 2015.

Rentech is developing a 29.600 barrels per day (4710 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch coal and biomass to liquid plant with carbon capture and sequestration in Natchez Mississippi. The project is in phase with the permits provided by Rentech in 2010. [Reliable Source?]

DKRW is developing a 15,000 to 20,000 barrels per day (2400 to 3200 m3 / d) of coal to Fischer-Tropsch plant liquids with carbon capture and sequestration in Medicine Bow Wyoming. The project is expected to become operational in 2013. [Reliable Source?]

Aviation fuel

A major effort is underway to certify FT synthetic fuels for use in the U.S. and international aviation fleet. This effort is directed by an industry coalition known as the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI), also supported a parallel initiative is underway in the U.S. Air Force to certify FT fuel for use in all aircraft platforms. U.S. Air Force has set a goal of certifying all its fleet to use synthetic fuel blends by 2011 FT. The initiative aims to certify the fleet fuel CAAFI civil aviation FT synthetic mixtures for the year 2010, and has implemented programs to certify biofuels HRJ hydrogenated to 2013.

Currently, efforts seem certification be sooner than expected. On June 24, 2009 by ASTM International Aviation Fuels Subcommittee voted to approve the creation of a new specification for fuel blends 50/50 FT kerosene for use in commercial aviation. On the assumption that the action is approved by the Committee on Petroleum Products and Lubricants ASTM International, CAAFI and expects the supply charges will be issued as ASTM formal designation by the fall. Ongoing research continues to fuel HRJ for inclusion in the standard, HRJ fuels included in the standard expected by the end of 2010, pending positive evaluation of the research report.

Sasol also announced that they have obtained the first approval for the use of jet fuel 100% synthetic sanctioned by the aviation authorities specifications fuel standard.

On October 12, 2009, Qatar Airways Airbus A340-600 makes its first flight in a commercial world of passengers using a mixture of kerosene and synthesis gas liquid-fuel in their flight from Gatwick airport to Doha.

JBUFF (Joint Battle fuel of the future) fuel

formulations futures and fuel mixtures can cause JBUFF (Joint Battle fuel of the future) or a single fuel fight that can be used in both diesel and jet fuel purposes. A fuel JBUFF allow quick deployment and improved logistics environments and emergency military support in different types of equipment can be used with a fuel instead of several types of fuel.

Consumer Publication

In the U.S., the aviation community has played a leadership role in establishing a significant market for U.S. fuel synthetic. In addition to its certification, the U.S. Force Air has publicly stated its intention to fuel half of its U.S. domestic flights synthetic fuel in 2016. The commercial aviation industry, working with potential suppliers through CAAFI, is also pushing hard to find sources of fuel.

substantial interest has been shown by municipalities and commercial operations of the fleet vehicles, trains, and even seek to use synthetic fuel refiners like compound. [Citation needed]

U.S. Department of Energy projects that domestic consumption of synthetic fuels from coal and natural gas will rise to 3.7 million barrels per day (59 010 ^ 3 m3 / d) in 2030 based on a price of $ 57 per barrel of crude high in sulfur.

Do not carry syngas

Many U.S. companies (TECO, Progress Energy, DTE, Marriott) have also benefited from coal tax credits established SynFuel in the 1970, but many of the products that benefit from the subsidy (eg, slurry or briquettes) are not true fuel synthesis, since they are not portable comfortable and easy liquid end credit was created. [Neutrality disputed]

The coal industry is used to increase credit gains in coal plants by introducing a "preprocessing" process that meets the technical requirements, burns, the result is the same that burn coal. Sometimes the amount purchased in the tax credit is an important factor in the economic operation of the plant. The tax credit of synthesis gas is mainly used in this way as economic fuel prices in the 1980's were killed while working hard to create a transportation fuel with credit and its continuation is considered as a "pork project" great success for the lobbyists of the coal industry up to $ 9 billion per year. [Neutrality disputed] The total production of synthetic fuels in the United States about 73 million tonnes in 2002. [Citation needed]

Tax synthetic credit on fuel, Section 45K, in which these activities took place, ended December 31, 2007.

Economy

The economy production of synthetic fuels vary considerably depending on the feedstock used, the exact process used, the site features such the costs of raw materials and transport, and the cost of additional equipment required to control emissions. The examples below show a wide range production costs between $ 20 a barrel gas liquids on a large scale, provided that $ 240/BBL for small biomass to liquid + Capture and storage.

To be economically viable projects should do much better than being head to head competition with oil, must also be profitable and generate a return on investment sufficient to justify the capital investment in the project. This means that the price of forced sale of gasoline that is produced above the breakeven mark a significant number before the projects are carried out.

GTL economics

A synthetic fuel made from natural gas (GTL) without CAC, a large-scale plant in the Middle East (where the gas is relatively cheap), is expected to be competitive with oil at about 20 dollars per barrel.

Recent advances in the oil company Shell saw the synthetic fuels are more profitable. The company is building GTL plant (gas to liquid) in Qatar, which will come online in 2011. Be able to produce 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3 / d) of synthetic fuels and other products, using natural gas as feedstock. His spokesman claims process competitive with traditional diesel to less than the price of crude falls below $ 20 barrel.

CTL / CBTL / BTL economy

According to 1 December 2007 study, a mesoscale (30,000 bpd) of coal to liquids plant (CTL), located in the United States using bituminous coal, is expected to be competitive with oil at around $ 5256/bbl oil equivalent. Addendum capture and sequestration for the project was planned to add an additional purchase price $ 10/BBL necessary if this can be offset by the recovery of income enhanced oil or tax credits, or the possible sale of carbon credits.

NETL A recent study examined the relative profitability of a number of different configurations for the processes of producing fuels from biomass FT indirect coal, and SAC. This study found a price at which the plant not only be profitable, abut also a return sufficient to give a yield of 20% of the capital investment required to build the plant.

In this chapter described an analysis that is derived from the mandatory sales price (RSP) FT diesel products to determine the economic viability and the relative competitiveness of different options plant. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how control regulations carbon trading scheme as a scheme for transport fuels will affect the prices of petroleum diesel and FT diesel from different plants. The main conclusions of this analysis were: (1) CTL plants with CCS are competitive in oil prices as low as $ 86 per barrel and have less life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases than diesel derived from oil. These plants become more economically competitive than carbon prices rise. (2) The marginal cost of adding CCS is very simple and low (7 cents per gallon) due to the capture of CO2 is an inherent part of the FT. It becomes economically preferred option for the price of carbon over $ 5/mtCO2eq.27 (3) systems are BTL constrained by the limited availability of biomass, which affects the maximum size of the facility, limiting the potential scale economies. This, combined with cost of relatively high biomass of the results of FT diesel prices that are twice that of other configurations: $ 6.45 to $ 6.96/gal compared to $ 2.56 for CTL 2.82/gal and 15% by weight CBTL systems equipped with CCS. The conclusion on the basis of these results was that the two CTL with CCS and 8wt% to 15% by weight, with features CBTL CCS can offer pragmatic solutions to the dilemma of national energy strategy: reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases that are significant (5% to 33% below the base oil) in diesel RER are only half that BTL options ($ 2.56 to $ 2.82 per gallon compared with $ 6.45 to $ 6.96 per gallon for BTL). These options are economically viable when crude oil prices are $ 86 to $ 95 a barrel.

These may change in the economy where abundant sources of biomass can be low cost to be found, since the cost of inputs from biomass, and economies of scale.

Economics power solid indirect process of FT plants are further confused by the rules of carbon. In general, from a plant without CCS to CTL is likely to be impossible, and CTL + CCS plants have a lower carbon footprint than conventional fuels, the regulation of carbon balance should be positive for the production of fuel synthetic. However, their impact on process economics of different configurations in different ways. The NETL study chose a CBTL mixing process with 15.5% of the biomass with coal as the cheapest in the range of carbon prices and the likely scenarios of future regulation. Unfortunately, due to limitations of scale and cost pure BTL process did not score well until carbon prices high were taken, but again, can be improved with better materials and more efficient larger-scale projects.

China's economy as direct coal liquefaction

Press reports have indicated an estimated cost of the production of less than $ 30 a barrel a method based on direct coal liquefaction, and the cost of mining coal under $ 10 / t.

Security Considerations

A central aspect for the development of synthetic fuels is the safety factor of biomass fuel supply domestic coal. Countries that are rich in biomass and coal into synthetic fuel can be used to offset the use of petroleum fuels and foreign oil.

Environmental considerations

One factor that is essential for all synthetic fuels on a large scale development is the ecological footprint of different technologies and processes that can be used. The ecological footprint as a synthetic fuel varies widely used process, the load is used, the pollution control are used, and the distance from transport and the method of product markets are the distribution and the final product.

In many places the project will not be possible due to restrictions, if a process of design is chosen that does not meet local requirements for air-pure water, and increasingly, the life cycle carbon emissions.

Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions

One issue that has been recently a major concern in the discussion of all technologies unconventional fuels are carbon emissions generated by their production and use.

To properly assess these programs, the full life cycle supply raw materials, refining, the final use of exhaust gases should be considered. This is called life cycle assessment.

Among the various technologies indirect production FT synthetic fuels, the potential emissions of greenhouse gases vary widely. Coal to liquids (CTL) without capture and sequestration carbon ("CCS") should result in carbon emissions significantly higher than conventional fuels derived from oil (147%). Moreover, biomass to liquids with CCS must be able to offer a 358% reduction of greenhouse gas life cycle effect. Both plants primarily use gasification and the conversion of FT synthetic fuel technology, but offer very divergent environmental impact. [Citation needed]

Lifecycle carbon emissions fuel different backgrounds, including many synthetic fuels. Coal and biomass co-conversion to transportation fuels, Michael E. Reed, office of the DOE Fossil Energy NETL, October 17, 2007

In general, CTL without CCS has an area larger greenhouse gases. CTL with CCS have a reduction 15.9% of emissions of greenhouse gas life cycle compared to petroleum diesel. + CCS CBTL biomass plants that are married with coal, while carbon sequestration is getting better the more biomass is added. Depending on the type of biomass, assumptions about the roots of storage, transport and logistics 40% of the biomass so that the conservative side CCS + coal plants make an impression CBTL greenhouse gas life cycle neutral. Over 40% of the biomass, starting to go negative life cycle, and efficient to store the carbon in the soil for every gallon of fuel they produce. [Citation needed]

Ultimately plants BTL use TMS you can store huge amounts of carbon, while the production of fuels sustainable production of biomass feedstocks, but there are a number of important economic, and technical obstacles must be overcome to develop these facilities. [Citation needed]

Must be taken seriously into account the nature and mode of acquisition of materials first is for coal or biomass in these facilities, irresponsible development could exacerbate the problems environment caused by coal mining, changes in land use, runoff of fertilizers, food versus fuel concerns, or other potential factors. Or could not. Totally dependent upon factors specific to the project in a plant by plant. [Citation needed]

A study by the Department U.S. Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory, with more in-depth programming information lifecycle CBTL "affordable low-emission Diesel carbon coal and biomass servant "http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/CBTL Final Report.pdf

Hybrid carbon hydrogen process also have recently been proposed as an alternative a closed carbon cycle, the combination of clean energy, recycling of CO, H2 and CO2 captured by the biomass as inputs in a way to reduce biomass. [Citation needed]

fuel emissions

The fuels produced by different processes of synthetic fuels also have a wide range of possible environmental outcomes if they tend to be very uniform in terms of fuel type synthetic process used (ie, characteristics Exhaust emissions from Fischer-Tropsch diesel tend to be the same, but its footprint greenhouse gas life cycle can vary significantly in which the plant produces fuel, based on considerations of raw materials and the kidnapping of target plants.) [citation needed]

In particular, the Fischer-Tropsch and diesel fuel to deliver linear map sharp reduction in all major pollutants such as SOx, NOx, particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions. These fuels, due to its high level of purity and the absence of contaminants, to allow the use of advanced equipment for emission control has been shown that the virtual elimination of HC, CO and particulate emissions from diesel vehicles.

In his testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and U.S. Environmental House of Representatives made the following statement was made by a principal investigator of Rentech:

FT fuels has many advantages for users of aviation. The first is an immediate reduction in emissions particles. FT jet fuel has been combusters shown in the laboratory and engines to reduce particulate emissions by 96% at idle and 78% in operation cruise. Validation of reducing other emissions from turbine engines is ongoing. Besides the reduction of PM is an immediate reduction in emissions FT fuel CO2. FT fuels reduce CO2 emissions per se because they have a higher energy content by the carbon content of fuel and the fuel is less dense than conventional kerosene aircraft to fly after the same fuel load.

Cleaning these FT synthetic fuels are also shown by the fact that they are sufficiently non-toxic and environmentally friendly should be regarded as biodegradable. This is mainly due to the virtual absence of sulfur and present in very low aromatic fuel.

Using the results of Fischer Tropsch diesel exhaust emissions dramatically through cuts in comparison with conventional fuels council

The use of Fischer-Tropsch fuel jet were shown to significantly reduce particulate emissions and other aircraft

Sustainability

One concern often raised about the development of synthetic fuels plant is sustainability. Basically, the transition from oil to coal or natural gas for transportation fuel production is a transition from one type depeleteable geologically limited resources to another. [Citation needed]

One of the characteristics that define the production of synthetic fuels positive is the ability to use more raw materials (Coal gas, or biomass) to produce the same product from the same plant. In the case of hybrid plants BCTL, some schools are already planning to use a component important biomass with coal. Ultimately, given location, with good availability of biomass, and sufficient oil prices synthetic fuel plants can pass gas or coal, biomass 100% more sustainable. This provides a way forward to real sustainable fuel production, even if the original plant only fuels of coal, forward-compatible infrastructure, even if the matter first fossil is exhausted. [Citation required]

Some methods can be converted to synthetic fuels production practices more easily than others, depending on processing equipment selected. This is an important consideration in the design of these facilities are planned and implemented as additional space should be left in the distribution plant to adapt to any future material handling and gasification plants change the requirements may be necessary to adapt to future changes in the profile production. [Citation needed]

See also

Energy Portal

Coal Liquefaction

Gasification

The methanol to gasoline

Biofuels

Butanol fuel

Gas liquids

Synthetic oil

Synthetic Fuels Corporation

Synthetic liquid fuels program

Cracking

Oil shale extraction

Pyrolysis

Methanol economy

References

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^ ABCD (PDF) Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration. 2006. p. 5254. DOE/EIA-0383 (2006). http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo06/pdf/issues.pdf. Retrieved on 09/07/2009.

^ Patel, Prachi (21/12/2007). "A comparison of coal and biomass as feedstock for fuel production synthetic "alternative energy sources: .. an international compendium of MIT Technology Review.

^ Antal, MJ (1978). "Combustible waste. A portable system converts organic waste into diesel fuel and the military. "Hemisphere. P. 3203. ISBN 9780891160854.

^ Sheng, C.;; Thipse, Undertakers of the SS, MR, Magee, RS; Dreizin, EL (2001). "The synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies waste incineration. "Chemosphere (Elsevier) 44 (5): 10711077.

^ Lee, Sunggyu, Speight, James G.; Loyalka, K. Sudarshan (2007). Manual alternative fuel technologies. CRC Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780824740696. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=hyNbv60Px8oC&dq=subject "fuels Synthetic + "& q = + fuel synthesis. Retrieved on 14/03/2009.

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Sunggyu ^ Lee (1990). Methanol synthesis technology. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780849346101. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qdnc7uK-aH8C&pg=PA1. Retrieved 09.07.2009.

^ Lapedo, Daniel N. (1976). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Energy. McGraw-Hill. p. 377. ISBN 9780070452619.

Ab ^ Hans Luik (06/08/2009). "Alternative technologies for liquefaction of oil shale and modernization" (PDF) International Symposium on board Tallinn Estonia: .. University Tallinn Technology http://www.oilshalesymposium.com/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/LUIK_2.pdf .. Retrieved on 09/06/2009.

Abc ^ Cicero, Daniel (11/06/2007). "Coal gasification and co-production of fuels and chemicals" (PDF). Workshop on gasification technologies. Indianapolis. p. 5. http://www.gasification.org/Docs/Workshops/2007/Indianapolis/06Cicero GTC_June2007.pdf. Retrieved on 09/07/2009.

^ According to the biography Degussa Goldschmidt Hans "Degussa Geschichte – Hans Goldschmidt. Http://www.degussa-history.com/geschichte/en/personalities/hans_goldschmidt/. Retrieved 10.11.2009. Karl Goldschmidt invited Bergius became director of research at Chemische Fabrik Th Goldschmidt.

^ ABC (PDF) Minutes of Meeting No. 45 / 6. Enemy Intelligence Committee oil. 06.02.1945. Reels/Linked/B1870/B1870-0073-0208 http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Tom 4.pdf point. Retrieved 22/03/2009.

^ Abcdef Schroeder, WC (August 1946). Holroyd, R.. ed. Investigations Report equipment Fuels and lubricants IG Farben AG, Labor, and Oppau Ludwigshafen. United States Bureau of Mines, Office of liquid fuels synthetic. http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Bureau_of_Mines/info_circ/ic_7375/ic_7375.htm. Retrieved on 21/03/2009.

^ AB Miller, Donald L. (2006). Teachers Air: Bomber American children who fought the air war against Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 314461. ISBN 978-0-7432-3544-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=5GMoWyUd41cC&pg=PA314.

^ "The beginnings of research on coal." Fossil energy. U.S. Department of Energy. http://www.fe.doe.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.html. Retrieved on 09/11/2008.

Ab ^ Galland, Adolf (ninth printing 1968 – paperback). The first and last: The Rise and Fall of the German forces combat, 1938-1945. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 210 224 239.

^ Becker, Peter W. (1981). "The role of synthetic fuels World War, Germany II: Implications for Today "Journal of Air University (Maxwell AFB) Http: .. / / Www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1981/jul-aug/becker.htm .

^ Speer, Albert (1970) [1969 - Germany Erinnerungen (Memories)]. Inside the Third Reich. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. p. 418. LCCN 70-119132. ISBN 978-0-684-82949-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=XLSa_RIDHMUC&pg=PA348. Retrieved on 17/03/2009.

^ Irving, David (1964) (Pdf). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 300. http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/MaresNest/index.html. Retrieved on 03/01/2009.

^ ABCDEFGHIJ Tarka, Thomas J., Wimer, John G.; Balash, Peter C., J. Skone, Timothy Kern, Kenneth C., Vargas, Maria C.; D. Morreale, Bryan, White III, Charles W. Gray, David (2009). Affordable low carbon national coal diesel and biomass. U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory Energy Technology. p. 1; 30.

^ SCHMETZ Edward Miller and Lowell (2005). "Hydrogen production from coal, DOE Hydrogen Program 2005 Annual Review." U.S. Department of Energy's Office of sequestration, hydrogen and cleaner fuels from coal. P. 4.

Robert ^ Distance: Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949), p. 62 in 'Chemie in unserer Zeit, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 19. Jahrgang, April 1985, Weinheim Germany

^ Strange N. Anthony (1984). "Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the synthetic fuel industry German. "Isis (University of Chicago Press) 75 (4): 643,667. Http://www.jstor.org/pss/232411. Retrieved on 03/06/2009.

^ Abcde clean coal technology program (October 1999) (PDF). Technology Status Report 010: Liquefaction carbon. Ministry of Trade and Industry. http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file18326.pdf. Retrieved 23/11/2006.

Sunggyu Abcd ^ Lee (1996). Alternative fuels. CRC Press. p. 166198. ISBN 9781560323617. http://books.google.com/books?id=GBnEDJZase8C&pg=PA166. Retrieved on 27/06/2009.

^ Lowe, A. Philip Schroeder C. Wilburn, Liccardi, Anthony L. (1976). Technical economics, Synfuels and Coal Energy Symposium, Solid-phase process for the liquefaction catalyst carbon. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 35.

Hk ^ abc, Mikael; Aleklett, Kjell (2009). "A review of coal fuel liquids and coal consumption "(PDF). International Journal of Energy Research (Wiley InterScience) 33. http://www.tsl.uu.se/uhdsg/Publications/CTL_Article.pdf. Retrieved on 04/07/2009.

^ "JetBlue is preparing for the test fuel replacement. Http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/10/322355/jetblue-readies-for-alternative-fuel-trial.html. Retrieved on 06/06/2009.

^ "U.S. Air Force launches new testing program for biofuels." http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw090204_1_n.shtml. Retrieved on 06/06/2009.

^ "UOP gets $ 1.5 million for pyrolysis oil DOE Project. Green Car Congress. 29.10.2008. Http: / / Www.greencarcongress.com/2008/10/uop-receives-15.html. Retrieved on 09/07/2009.

^ Burnham, Alan K., McConaghy, James R. (16/10/2006). "Comparison the acceptability of the various processes of the board arenas "(PDF). 26th Symposium on oil shale. Golden, Colorado: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-CONF-226 717. https: / / e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf. Retrieved on 27/05/2007.

^ Production of motor fuel to New Zealand SynFuel site has been closed since the mid-nineties, while the production of methanol for export continues. The site ran in the conversion of gas to Mobil gasoline.http methanol and methanol: / / Www.techhistory.co.nz / ThinkBIG / Petrochemical Decisions.htm

^ "CTL China to overtake South Africa 2015." http://www.chemweekly.com/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=3374&BigClassName=Business&BigClassID=36&SmallClassID=56&SmallClassName=Business. Retrieved 06.22.2009.

^ Sum of production to the production of existing and anticipated Oryx Pearl Pearl GTL plant in Ras Laffan, Qatar. Http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/pearl-gtl/. Retrieved on 06/22/2009.

^

^ Http: / / www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSWEB365320090309

^ Http: / / Www.shell.com/home/content/qatar/bintulu/bintulu_malaysia_08102003_1230.html

^ Http: / / www.gasification.org/Docs/Conferences/2005/33VAND.pdf

^

^ "Pearl gas-to-liquids plant in Ras Laffan, Qatar. Http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/pearl-gtl/. Retrieved 06.22.2009.

^ "Escravos GTL cost increases. (In Brief). Http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-34633583_ITM. Retrieved 06.22.2009.

^ "Project Shenhua coal to oil to start trial operation in July. "Http://www.chinadaily.net/bizchina/2009-06/12/content_8277455.htm. Retrieved on 06/22/2009.

^ "Sasol, Shenhua Group can install the complete fuel carbon by 2013." Http: / / www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a.MSdPvb0Ep8. Retrieved on 2009-07-21.

^ "The technology of Shenhua coal conversion and development of the industry," Http: / /. Gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/wR5MezrJ2SJ6NfFl5sb5Jg/16_china_zhangyuzhuo.pdf. Retrieved on 23/07/2009.

^ "Yankuang invest 13.5 billion yuan in the project's chief technology officer." http://en.sxcoal.com/NewsDetail.aspx?cateID=167&id=20330. Retrieved on 06/22/2009.

^ "Ready to help Columbus Co. Port Authority Http: / /. Www.vindy.com/news/2009/may/05/loan-will-assist-columbiana-co-port-authority /? Newswatch. Retrieved on 21/07/2009.

^ "Clean Coal Fuels site, the Projects section. Http://www.cleancoalfuels.com/cleancoalfuels_projects.html. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "Website Baard Energy, the section of Ohio River Clean Fuels. Http://www.baardenergy.com/orcf.htm. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "Investors are moving to Baard Energy plant. Http://www.reviewonline.com/page/content.detail/id/516873.html?nav=5008. Retrieved on 23/07/2009.

[^ Www.ohioforest.org / pdf / stevedopuchpresentation.ppt "The prospects for clean fuels from coal and biomass, Steve Dopuch, Baard Energy, LLC, March 7, 2009 "]. Www.ohioforest.org / pdf / stevedopuchpresentation.ppt. Retrieved 7/23/2009.

^ "Site Rentech, Natchez Project section Http: / /. Www.rentechinc.com / natchez.php Accessed 06/24/2009 ..

^ "Site DKRW, Medicine Bow section of the project. Http://www.dkrwadvancedfuels.com/fw/main/Medicine_Bow-111.html. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "Significant progress made towards adopting the semi-synthetic aviation fuel." Http://www.caafi.org/information/pdf/CAAFI_factsheet_12dec2008.pdf. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "The future of the synthesis, the U.S. Air moves forward with strength Fuel Production Despite Price Drop." Http: / / www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3969089&c=FEA&s=TEC. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "USAF readers biofuels cart. Http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/09/322208/usaf-drives-biofuel-bandwagon.html. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "Pools CAAFI aviation industry to certify synthetic fuel resources." http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/02/25/221767/caafi-pools-aviation-industry-resources-to-certify-synthetic-jet-fuel.html. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

^ "Landmark synthetic jet fuel specification passes the critical point." http://www.caafi.org/files/altfuelstandard-rls6-09.pdf. Retrieved on 06/26/2009.

^ "Sasol – 100% Synthetic Fuel Wins First-time international approval for use in commercial aviation. http://www.aviationtoday.com/pressreleases/20968.html. Retrieved 06/24/2009.

^ "Qatar Airways made history … GTL" Today, 10/15/2009 downstream Http: / / www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=18626 Accessed 17/10/2009 ..

^ "DoD and DOE Insured Initiative Slides Fuel 12 and 13. Http: / / www.trbav030.org/pdf2006/265_Harrison.pdf.

^ "Integrated development of synthetic fuel from 100% Incorporated joint synthetic fuel. "Http://isfuel.com/index.html.

^ "U S. Air Force plans to convert coal to fuel. Plants" Http: / / Www.foxnews.com/story/0, 2933,340923,00 html Accessed on 24/06/2009 …

^ "From the commercial aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative, the role and approach "Http: / /. Www.caafi.org / about / functionnfocus.html Accessed 06/24/2009 ..

^ Ab Donald Barlett, James Steele, (10/04/2003). "The Hoax of energy." Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171,493241,00. html. Retrieved 22.07.2009.

^ "In a magical way to make billions. "Time. 26.02.2006. Http: / / www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171,493241,00. Html. Retrieved on 07/22/2009.

^ "Headers INC 10-K filing with the SEC. Yahoo. 21.11.2008. Http: / / biz.yahoo.com/e/081121/hw10-k.html. Retrieved on 07/22/2009.

^ Http: / / www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/05/67534

^ "Diesel Natural gas can reduce smog. Http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/05/67534.

^ Berg, R. David (2008). Companies for Coal gasification with co-production, business risks, the financial perspective, the impact of sequestration potential incentives. U.S. Department of Energy United States Air Force Energy Forum II March 4, 2008. p. 12.

"China Shenhua Yankuang to boost coal production fuels six times "^. Bloomberg.com. 22/06/2007. Http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=YZC:US&sid=a6VwxDlvG4nM. Retrieved on 09/07/2009.

^ "Improving fuel manufactured CTLC U.S. national security." http://www.futurecoalfuels.org/documents/022208_synth_fuels_security.pdf.

^ Examples of these restrictions include the http:// en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Clean_Air_Act_ that the Clean Air Act (United_States) and http://www.epa.gov/mercuryrule/ clean air mercury rule, and limitations in the recent news from coal to liquids projects in China Development and Reform http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-10/09/content_7090441.htm

^ The carbon footprint can prevent excess U.S. federal to buy fuel. Article 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act prohibits Federal agencies including the Department of Defense, the purchase of alternative synthetic fuel unless alternative fuels are the emissions of greenhouse gases refined fuel emissions than petroleum-based. Kosich, Dorothy (4/11/2008). "Repeal sought the U.S. government ban. Use CTL, sandy shale, tar sands-generated fuel. "Web Mining. Http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page38?oid=50551&sn=Detail. Retrieved on 27/05/2008. Bloom David I, Waldron Roger, Layton Duane W, Roger Patrick W (03/04/2008). "The United States: energy independence and Supply Act Security poses a significant challenge for synthetic and alternative fuels. "Http: / / www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=58310. Retrieved on 27/05/2008.

^ http://coalgasificationnews.com/2009/05/28/coal-to-liquid-fuels-have-lower-ghg-than-some-refined-fuels/

^ R Agrawal, NR Singh, FH Ribeiro, WN Delgass (2007). "The sustainable transport fuel." PNAS 104 (12):. 48284833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609921104.

^ Through the work of http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/36363.pdf NREL and other DOE http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38195.pdf Studies / Department of Defense

^ See http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38195.pdf Yosemite Waters Study

^ (. PDF) Technical Support Document coal industry overview of liquid products, the proposed rule for reporting mandatory emissions of greenhouse gases. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 28, 28.1.2009. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/tsd/TSD suppliers_013009.pdf CTL. Retrieved on 15/07/2009.

. ^ "Diesel biodegradable Http: / / www.freshpatents.com/Biodegradable-diesel-fuel-dt20060914ptan20060201850.php. Retrieved on 06/24/2009.

Larger plants SynFuel W. Va (Coal Age, 1 February 2002)

External Links

Fuel Alliance synthetic Europe

Gas to liquids technology worldwide, ACTED Consultants

Producers SynFuel success! (NCPA Policy Digest) – An analysis of subsidies in the United States SynFuel

U.S. DoD launches search for Jane's energy self-sufficiency Defence Weekly 25 September 2006

Alberta Centre for the discovery of oil sands

Bitumen and crude oil

CTL World Conference 2008 3 and April 4, 2008 – Paris

Synthetic Fuel Concept to steal from air CO2

EU project to convert CO2 into liquid fuel

synthetic fuels fourth-generation artificial life. Craig Belly Conference

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