Credit Reports Victoria Australia
2010
Organized Crime – The Mafia – A study by Artur Victoria
The "mafia" is the epitome of organized crime. You ally is reduced the concept of this phenomenon to "the mafia."
In fact, there is no mafia, but for various organizations, with common names in different ways and planning and a criminal act, usually by "gangsters."
The Italian writer Leonardo Sciascia, about 30 years ago, defined the Mafia as "a conspiracy end related to the "illicit enrichment, is put as intermediaries, imposed by violence, between good and work, between production and consumption between citizens and the State "Meanwhile, in another point of view, sociologist Raimondo Catanzaro its newly defined as" to be developed violence. "
Evolution
The "mafia" (Italy – America) had originated in Sicily in the twelfth or thirteenth century, as the successive occupation of the south island Italy has been along time, it is assumed that the organized insurgency. Their cultural roots are rural, if the transfer only for big cities (mainly Palermo) in the first decades of this century, the establishment of their traditional methods of quick action, the "patron-payer" in other words, extortion. First on the fairs and markets to continue its consideration in the sectors and areas such as trade and construction companies that require percentages each increasing and, later, ending their own construction companies, which began to dominate the market.
Although it marks the decisive factor today day is the evolution happens in the seventies, when, with the dismantling of clandestine networks and "French Connection" (Marseille – South of France), the mob takes over the European traffic of the benefits of heroin and related bulky.
Like a subordinate position (Support the movement of proceeds of Sicily) in a short space of time that began to treat their laboratories of morphine, reorganized the presence of traffic at the international level. Becomes the supplier of 65 to 70% of the heroin consumed in the African Union and the E. nineties, implies an increasing share of the cocaine traffic to Europe. At the same time, to update the methods of intervention and more features friendly spaces "entrepreneurs" and the leaders. "
Types and methods
Today, it is customary to speak of Mafia Eastern Europe, Turkey mafia, the Japanese Mafia, Chinese Mafia, and others. There are currently organized criminal groups, that nothing of historical and culture has to do with the Sicilian Mafia, tends in common with the methods of criminal law means to act.
In Italy, the gangster type This criminalization is organized into four distinct branches, the traditional regional boundaries in the South of Italy: "Cosa Nostra" in Sicily, Camorra in Naples, "N" Ndrangheta ", in the silence," Sacra Corona Unita "in the southeast.
"Juan de la Cosa Nostra "is the largest, involving approximately 140 families consisting of 30 to 300 at the base of thugs, soldiers or" homo "s onore." is an articulated structure, unitary and nested.
In 'Camorra' Naples and Calabria "N" Ndrangheta ", and" Sacred Crown Unita ", don" t have this vertical structure of nested and compartmentalized, but a horizontal structure, with the intention of "family" control illegal activities in the territory of the regional action (which is in the "Cosa Nostra", to avoid further conflicts, each family has its own territory, at neighborhood).
The basis for the action of these organizations are traditional activities extortion ("pay protection"), contract management employment, drug trafficking and money laundering.
"N" Ndrangheta "is the most bloody and violent, usually specialized in kidnapping i for regions of Canada, USA, Australia, South of France and Germany (where the communities of Calabria).
Camorra converted smuggling cigarettes to illegal drug trafficking more lucrative if a document near-monopoly of the South American cocaine (ie, Peru and Colombia) and Europe with "bases" that vary in European countries. In the heroin and hashish, which operates in small spaces for the activities of the same "Clouds Nostra ", which is a relevant rule in the quasi-monopoly on international traffic in these products USATheir money laundering is the resources to institutions credit and indirectly controlled companies, primarily in building, transport and industry sectors.
b) The mafia become a U.S. problem United – from the beginning of the century, accompanying migration patterns of the Sicilian for "New World", there were many "gangsters" that were established in the United States to develop their "family" image and structure of the organization – Sicily's mother to maintain a relationship of "branch." Thing Nostra ", despite the deep relations of collaboration for the common interest, the two organizations have with the mafia.
While Americans its main activities are exploration of gambling and prostitution, who specializes in illegal markets, Sicilians refuse these activities, trying of joint action on illegal markets, with a presence in the practice of legal markets.
c) In Eastern Europe, economic openness and policy, combined with a crisis of authority evident in several states in the process of democratization, gave an easy way to develop organized crime operations.
In Russia there are about 3000 "band" that incorporate hundreds of thousands of items, with branches in all stages of society. In other territories former Soviet Union (especially in the Baltic Sea), Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, organized criminal groups have implemented and won an active expression. With roots in ancient "Nomenkulatura" or groups that dominated the market, these "mafia of the East" are primarily assigned trafficking in drugs (including Russia and Czech Republic), but also weapons, prostitution and trafficking Luxery cars (mainly in Poland against territorial proximity with Germany), and I for trafficking and smuggling of commodities, medicines, records, tapes and videos as well as luxury goods (Perfumes, watches, precious stones.).
They used methods such as violence in Sicily.
Nets gangsters in Russia, for example, have an ethnic in its constitution (in the Azerbaijani armed tchechenians and operational leadership, Tajikistan uzbeques and trafficking of opium, Ukraine and Russia in the trafficking of synthetic drugs and popies; tartar in the game, nightclubs and terrorism in cars stolen from Georgia, the great villain in daguestaneses) are individualistic and contradictory, without any central control body (not that it is "half", which takes about 20 major groups in the Moscow region).
In this brief history of organized crime that the crime segment reported illegal activities that may affect economic activities and social policy are constantly being developed by different means by associations with a person well-defined hierarchy, with a specialized structure in order to obtain benefits Unlawful to very high levels.
– Drug trafficking – every year hundreds of people are involved in drug trafficking and various shades of drugs are confiscated. The majority of cocaine and heroin, and wanted.
– The movement of the person is a new form of organized crime. Young women and children are transported from eastern Europe to western Europe for prostitution and organ transplantation.
– The movement of the Arts – now one of the companies most successful is the traffic of the arts. Several values are brought out of the country.
– Cars stolen in Western Europe, in particular, are on sale in Europe del Este.
– Arms trafficking have become a new business, especially for the former Soviet Union states.
– Money laundering. Many businessmen Western systems have been used in Eastern Europe Bank money laundering.
– The petty crime in the lobby of the crime organization. The offenders identified until recently by the commission of robbery, theft and appeasement of counterfeit currency, the segment is absorbed by a strict selection of organized crime groups.
– Key Corruption of public officials is a new and dangerous organized crime. The organized crime groups have succeeded in destroying the people's trust by corruption and influence peddling.
– The illegal goods: goods that are illegal in that production, possession, trade, and sometimes the items are crimes punishable, I think, for example narcotics, counterfeit cigarettes and brand.
– The illegal trade in legal products in relation to the black market of products involving evasion of taxes, duties or import duties and are traded illegally on the black market, which legally produced cigarettes, liquor and fuel.
– The illegal supply of services to illegal immigrants Facilitation (human trafficking) and illegal employment of prostitution (trafficking).
The definition contains the requirement of the sentence to ensure that perpetrators of crimes and unsafe are not classified as organized crime.
Very curious is the purpose of comparison certain activities of the East in general and other regions:
Organized crime has become a widespread phenomenon in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union states of the Union.
Ukraine – Caucasus Mafia criminal organization is more structured, based on blood ties. These organizations operate on the same principles that the Italian public.
Criminal groups operating mainly in drug trafficking, involving more deep to create a new honest look through the opening of new businesses and casinos, which contributes to money laundering.
Russia – illegal arms, ammunition and explosives trafficking is an activity frequently practiced by the Russian criminal organization.
The main sources for obtaining the above landfills are ex military army Soviet military units belonging to the vast military-industrial complex, converted to private or mixed.
Poland – the Most known type of organized crime in Poland remains the drug trade.
The production and sale of synthetic drugs market is internal and external high or more.
Slovakia, a country located at the crossroads between East and West is the attention of criminal gangs with a tradition known who included it in the main drugs, weapons and no long taxiways radioactive substances.
Slovenia is the most common way Balkans delivery of heroin. In addition, Slovenia is also recognized as a consumer LSD high.
About the Author
http://sites.google.com/site/cliptheschoolbeginning/
Cyclists Rally Against HST
|
|
A report on the economics of credit card operations for the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Victoria … |
|
|
Report on fair consumer credit laws to The Honorable G.O. Reid, QC, MLA, Attorney-General for the State of Victoria ([Parliament of Victoria, Parliamentary Paper) … |
Comment